question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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What is Snord116? | ['Further analysis with array-CGH identified a mosaic 847\u2009kb deletion in 15q11-q13, including SNURF-SNRPN, the snoRNA gene clusters SNORD116 (HBII-85), SNORD115, (HBII-52), SNORD109 A and B (HBII-438A and B), SNORD64 (HBII-13), and NPAP1 (C15ORF2).', 'All three deletions included SNORD116, but only two encompassed... | ['SNORD116 is a small nucleolar (sno) RNA gene cluster (HBII-85) implicated as a major contributor the Prader-Willi phenotype. \nSNORD116 genes appears to be responsible for the major features of PWS. \nSNORD116 is a paternally expressed box C/D snoRNA gene cluster.\nThe mouse C/D box snoRNA MBII-85 (SNORD116) is proce... | [] |
Are ultraconserved elements often transcribed? | ['Starting from a genome-wide expression profiling, we demonstrate for the first time a functional link between oxygen deprivation and the modulation of long noncoding transcripts from ultraconserved regions, termed transcribed-ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs)', 'Our data gives a first glimpse of a novel functional hypo... | ['Yes. Especially, a large fraction of non-exonic UCEs is transcribed across all developmental stages examined from only one DNA strand.'] | ['yes'] |
List metalloenzyme inhibitors. | [' Clinically approved inhibitors were selected as well as several other reported metalloprotein inhibitors in order to represent a broad range of metal binding groups (MBGs), including hydroxamic acid, carboxylate, hydroxypyridinonate, thiol, and N-hydroxyurea functional groups.', 'A total of 21 different raltegravir-... | ['Foscarnet\nVT-1129\nVT-1161 \nBB-3497\nhydroxamate molecules\nsiderophores'] | ['VT-1129', 'VT-1161', 'BB-3497', 'hydroxamate molecules', 'siderophores', 'Foscarnet'] |
Which protein phosphatase has been found to interact with the heat shock protein, HSP20? | [' Moreover, protein phosphatase-1 activity is regulated by two binding partners, inhibitor-1 and the small heat shock protein 20, Hsp20. Indeed, human genetic variants of inhibitor-1 (G147D) or Hsp20 (P20L) result in reduced binding and inhibition of protein phosphatase-1, suggesting aberrant enzymatic regulation in h... | ['Protein phosphatase-1 activity is regulated by two binding partners, inhibitor-1 and the small heat shock protein 20, Hsp20. Cell fractionation, coimmunoprecipitation, and coimmunolocalization studies, revealed an association between Hsp20 and PP1. Small heat shock protein 20 interacts with protein phosphatase-1 and ... | ['Protein phosphatase 1', 'PP1'] |
Do DNA double-strand breaks play a causal role in carcinogenesis? | ['The DNA non-homologous end-joining repair gene XRCC6/Ku70 plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by both exogenous and endogenous DNA-damaging agents. Defects in overall DSB repair capacity can lead to genomic instability and carcinogenesis.', 'The tumor suppressor breast can... | ['Yes. It has been demonstrated that induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and defects in overall DSBs repair capacity can lead to an accumulation of mutations, resulting in genomic instability of cells. Given that genomic instability is the hallmark of cancer, DSBs play a causal role in carcinogenesis.'] | ['yes'] |
Which factor interacts with Treslin/TICRR throughout the cell cycle of human cells? | ["We identified MDM two binding protein (MTBP) as a factor that interacts with Treslin/TICRR throughout the cell cycle. We show that MTBP depletion by means of small interfering RNA inhibits DNA replication by preventing assembly of the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) holohelicase during origin firing. Although MTBP has been impl... | ["MDM two binding protein (MTBP) is a factor that interacts with Treslin/TICRR throughout the cell cycle. MTBP depletion by means of small interfering RNA inhibits DNA replication by preventing assembly of the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) holohelicase during origin firing. Although MTBP has been implicated in the function of t... | ['MDM two binding protein (MTBP)'] |
Which are the newly identified DNA nucleases that can be used to treat thalassemia? | ['Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) DNA editing technology enables site-directed engineering of the genome', 'We used this opportunity to evaluate the effect of total donor homology on transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) mediated bi-allelic modifica... | ['Thalassemia is genetic diseases of the blood caused by mutations in the globin gene. Main goal for thalassemia treatment is to develop homologous recombination based gene therapy in order to cure these diseases. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) are proper targets for the human globin ... | ['TALEN', 'Transcription activator-like effector nucleases', 'Crispr/CAS', 'zinc-finger nucleases'] |
What are the applications of a Dermaroller ? | ['Dermaroller along with Minoxidil treated group was statistically superior to Minoxidil treated group in promoting hair growth in men with AGA for all 3 primary efficacy measures of hair growth. Microneedling is a safe and a promising tool in hair stimulation and also is useful to treat hair loss refractory to Minoxid... | ['Microneedling with dermaroller is a new treatment modality for the treatment of scars, especially acne scars, stretch marks, wrinkles, and for facial rejuvenation. It is a simple and relatively cheap modality that also can be used for transdermal drug delivery.\nMicroneedling is a safe and a promising tool in hair st... | [] |
What is Genomicus? | ['Genomicus: a database and a browser to study gene synteny in modern and ancestral genomes.', 'Here we present Genomicus, a new synteny browser that can represent and compare unlimited numbers of genomes in a broad phylogenetic view. In addition, Genomicus includes reconstructed ancestral gene organization, thus great... | ['Genomicus had been developed as a database and a browser to study gene synteny in modern and ancestral genomes. It allows easy comparative genomic visualization in >150 eukaryote genomes and in four different phyla (Vertebrate, Fungi, Metazoan and Plants). It provides a way to explore spatial information related to g... | [] |
Which proteins control the degradation of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) in yeast? | ['Termination of cryptic unstable transcripts is directed by yeast RNA-binding proteins Nrd1 and Nab3', 'These cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) are rapidly degraded by the nuclear exosome. Yeast RNA binding proteins Nrd1 and Nab3 direct termination of sn/snoRNAs and recently have also been implicated in premature tr... | ['Termination of cryptic unstable transcripts is directed by yeast RNA-binding proteins Nrd1 and Nab3. These cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) are rapidly degraded by the nuclear exosome. Key substrates for exosomal degradation include aberrant functional RNAs and cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs). Yeast RNA bindin... | ['Rrp6', 'Nrd1', 'Nab3', 'TRAMP complex', 'Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation', 'Sen1'] |
Can protein coding exons originate from ALU sequences? | ['The Alu element has been a major source of new exons during primate evolution. Thousands of human genes contain spliced exons derived from Alu elements.', 'More than 25% of Alu exons analyzed by RNA-Seq have estimated transcript inclusion levels of at least 50% in the human cerebellum, indicating widespread establish... | ['Yes. Intronic ALUs can evolve into exons by the activation of splice signals residing within the ALU sequence. While most ALU exons do not add or modify the coding capacity of the resulting transcript, examples have been identified of ALU exons becoming protein coding.'] | ['yes'] |
List adenosine A2A receptor antagonists that are used for Parkinson's disease treatment. | ['Adenosine A2A antagonists, such as istradefylline, improve motor function in PD, but their effect on cognitive impairment has not been determined.', 'Both istradefylline and preladenant have demonstrated moderate efficacy in reducing off time in PD patients with motor fluctuations. ', " The available data also sugges... | ["Istradefylline and preladenant are adenosine A2A receptor antagonists that are used for Parkinson's disease treatment."] | ['istradefylline', 'preladenant'] |
Are microtubules marked by glutamylation? | ["Together with detyrosination, glutamylation and other modifications, tubulin acetylation may form a unique 'language' to regulate microtubule structure and function.", 'Glutamylation, the most prevalent tubulin posttranslational modification, marks stable microtubules and regulates recruitment and activity of microtu... | ['Yes, glutamylation is the most prevalent tubulin posttranslational modification and marks stable microtubules.'] | ['yes'] |
Albumin depletion is a common first step for proteomic analysis of CSF fluid. What is the advantage and disadvantage of this procedure? | ['However, albumin binds peptides and proteins, which raises concerns as to how the removal of albumin could impact the outcome of the biomarker study while ignoring the possibility that this could be a biomarker subproteome itself.', 'This study demonstrates that reduction of sample complexity by albumin depletion of ... | ['Depletion of the high abundant protein Albumin from CSF samples is improving the detection of lower abundant proteins but may also lead to the potential loss of non-target proteins.'] | [] |
What is "Epitranscriptome analysis"? | ['The simultaneous detection of all the post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) that decorate cellular RNA can provide comprehensive information on the effects of changing environmental conditions on the entire epitranscriptome. ', 'The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies coupled with new detection meth... | ["Modified nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) have been discovered over 40 years ago, but until recently little was known about which transcripts contain them and what their function is. High-throughput sequencing approaches revealed a dynamic landscape of the 'Epitranscriptome' for many mRNA modifications in various ... | [] |
Is Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 a phosphaturic hormone? | ['PTH can induce skeletal synthesis of another potent phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), ', ' Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone that has recently been identified as a CKD-related factor affecting CRS. ', ' circulating phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 l... | ['Yes, fbroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone.'] | ['yes'] |
Which are the components of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) in eukaryotes? | [' The first step of replication initiation is the assembly of pre-replication complex (pre-RC). Since 1973, four proteins, Cdc6/Cdc18, MCM, ORC and Cdt1, have been extensively studied and proved to be pre-RC components. Recently, a novel pre-RC component called Sap1/Girdin was identified. Sap1/Girdin is required for l... | ['The components of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) in eukaryotes are:\n1) Cdc6/Cdc18, \n2) MCM, \n3) ORC1-6,\n4) Cdt1 and\n5) Sap1/Gi.'] | ['Cdc6/Cdc18', 'MCM', 'ORC1-6', 'Cdt1', 'Sap1/Gi'] |
What organism causes woolsorter's disease | ["Today, woolsorters' disease and other industrial manifestations of anthrax are extremely rare, ", "Working independently of their more famous counterparts (Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur), Anglo-American anthrax investigators used visual representations of anthrax bacilli to persuade their peers that a specific, ident... | ["Woolsorter's disease is caused by the same organism as Anthrax, bacillus Anthrax. "] | ['Bacillus Anthracis'] |
List drugs included in the DHAP-R chemotherapy regiment. | ['Standard treatment of transplant-eligible patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) consists of rituximab and platinum-based chemotherapy, either ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) or dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP), with autologous transplant consolidation for those with ... | ['Dexamethasone (a steroid hormone), cytarabine (ara-C), cisplatin (platinum agent) and rituximab are included in the DHAP-R chemotherapy protocol.'] | ['dexamethasone', 'cytarabine', 'cisplatin', 'rituximab'] |
What is the treatment of interferon-induced thyroiditis? | [] | ['An altered thyroid function is frequently observed during interferon treatment with a pattern similar to Hashimoto Thyroiditis or Graves disease.\nVery frequently the alterations of thyroid hormones related to interferon-induced thyroiditis spontaneosly diseapper in a few months\nTreatment when necessary is propanol... | [] |
Has the protein GFP been used in transgenesis for live protein imaging? | ['we review recent advancement in the functional studies of the three different GnRH neuron systems, mainly focusing on the electrophysiological analysis of the GnRH-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic animals.', 'founders were found to be transgenic for GFP.', 'GFP expression was detected in a wide range of mur... | ['Yes, the stable transgenesis of genes encoding functional or spatially localized proteins, fused to fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP), is an extremely important research tool in cell and developmental biology.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the causative agent of the "Panama disease" affecting bananas? | ['Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt (Panama disease), is one of the most devastating diseases of banana (Musa spp.)', 'avendish, the most widely grown banana cultivar, is relatively resistant to Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc1) which caused widespread Panama di... | ['Panama disease of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.'] | ['Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense'] |
Can NXY-059 be used for treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients? | ['Even when the international recommendations for preclinical stroke research, the Stroke Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) criteria, were followed, we have still seen limited success in the clinic, examples being NXY-059 and haematopoietic growth factors which fulfilled nearly all the STAIR criteria', 'This occurre... | ['No. 2,4-disulfonylphenyl PBN derivative, called NXY-059 in the stroke studies, was shown to be safe in humans and was taken all the way through clinical phase 3 trials and then was deemed to be ineffective.'] | ['no'] |
What are the molecular characteristics of the FAA (FANCA) cDNA? | ['Here we report the isolation of a cDNA representing the FAA gene, following an expression cloning method similar to the one used to clone the FAC gene. The 5.5-kb cDNA has an open reading frame of 4,368 nucleotides. In contrast to the 63-kD cytosolic protein encoded by the FAC gene, the predicted FAA protein (M(r) 16... | ['The 5.5-kb cDNA of the FAA (FANCA) gene has an open reading frame of 4,368 nucleotides, whereas the FAA protein is predicted to have a molecular weight of approximately 163 kDa.'] | [] |
Is there a genetic component for happiness? | ['inally, a systematic review performed based on existing information. Results of studies on genetic factors indicated an average effectiveness of genetic about 35 -50 percent on happiness. ', 'The MAOA gene predicts happiness in women.', 'Although twin studies estimate that genetic factors account for 35-50% of the va... | ['Results of studies on genetic factors indicated an average effectiveness of genetic about 35 -50 percent on happiness. The MAOA gene predicts happiness in women. The heritability of happiness was estimated at 22% for males and 41% in females.'] | [] |
What is being measured with an accelerometer in back pain patients | ['accelerometer assessment measuring overall physical activity (PAL), constant strain postures (CSP), standing time (ST) and lying time (LT)', 'Physical activity was measured for 7 days at both baseline and at 3 months with an RT3 accelerometer', 'wearing an accelerometer to assess physical activity in daily life', 'An... | ['Accelerometer assessment measuring overall physical activity (PAL), constant strain postures (CSP), standing time (ST) and lying time (LT)...\nThe following parameters of physical activity were recorded: time upright (standing or walking), time standing, time walking, and step count.'] | ['Physical activity', 'PA', 'PAL', 'Constant Strain Postures', 'CSP', 'constant postures', 'Standing time', 'ST', 'Lying time', 'LT'] |
What disease is small bowel lymphoma commonly associated with | ['Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT in small intestine associated with amyloidosis: a rare association.', 'This is the first case of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the small intestine associated with amyloidosis in Korea', 'MR enterography of small-bowel lymphoma: poten... | ['Small bowel lymphoma is commonly associated with celiac disease.'] | ['Celiac disease', 'gluten-associated enteropathy', 'CELIAC SPRU', 'Non tropical spru', 'Gluten Sensitive Enteropath'] |
In which cells are gasdermins expressed? | ['Members of the novel gene family Gasdermin (Gsdm) are exclusively expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner in the epithelium of skin and the gastrointestinal tract. ', 'These results indicate that the mouse Gsdma and Gsdma3 genes share common function to regulate epithelial maintenance ', 'Gasdermin (GSDM or GSDM... | ['Members of the novel gene family Gasdermin (Gsdm) are exclusively expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner in the epithelium of skin and the gastrointestinal tract.'] | ['epithelial cells'] |
What is the name of the stem loop present in the 3' end of genes encoding for selenoproteins? | ['stem-loop structure called the selenocysteine incorporating sequence (SECIS)', "3'-UTR mRNA stem-loop termed SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence (SECIS)", 'Sec is inserted by a specific translational machinery that recognizes a stem-loop structure, the SECIS element', "Selenocysteine Insertion Sequence (SECIS) element ... | ['SECIS (selenocysteine insertion sequence)'] | ['SECIS'] |
List interaction partners for the protein GATA1. | ['Our work describes, for the first time, distinct GATA-1 interactions with the essential hematopoietic factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, and the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, in addition to the known GATA-1/FOG-1 and GATA-1/TAL-1 complexes. We also provide evidence that distinct GATA-1 complexes ar... | ['GATA-1 interact with factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, FOG-1, TAL-1, Ldb-1 and LMO2-C.', 'GATA1 interacts with the essential hematopoietic factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, in addition to the known GATA-1/FOG-1... | ['Gfi-1b', 'MeCP1', 'MeCP1 complex', 'ACF/WCRF complex', 'FOG-1', 'TAL-1', 'Ldb1', 'Ldb-1', 'LMO2-C', 'PIAS3', 'RUNX1', 'Ski', 'EKLF', 'SP1', 'CBP/p300', 'PU.1'] |
Are long non coding RNAs as conserved in sequence as protein coding genes? | ['Most lncRNAs are under lower sequence constraints than protein-coding genes and lack conserved secondary structures, making it hard to predict them computationally.', 'hey are under stronger selective pressure than neutrally evolving sequences-particularly in their promoter regions, which display levels of selection ... | ['No. Most long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are under lower sequence constraints than protein-coding genes.'] | ['no'] |
Which miRNAs could be used as potential biomarkers for epithelial ovarian cancer? | ['Finally, five promising differentially miRNAs (miR-200a, miR-100, miR-141, miR-200b, and miR-200c) were reported with the consistent direction in four or more studies. MiR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-141, all of them belong to miR-200 family, were reported with consistently up-regulated in at least 4 studies, w... | ['miR-200a, miR-100, miR-141, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-203, miR-510, miR-509-5p, miR-132, miR-26a, let-7b, miR-145, miR-182, miR-152, miR-148a, let-7a, let-7i, miR-21, miR-92 and miR-93 could be used as potential biomarkers for epithelial ovarian cancer.'] | ['let-7a', 'let-7b', 'let-7i', 'miR-21', 'miR-26a', 'miR-92', 'miR-93', 'miR-100', 'miR-132', 'miR-141', 'miR-145', 'miR-148a', 'miR-152', 'miR-182', 'miR-200a', 'miR-200b', 'miR-200c', 'miR-203', 'miR-509-5p', 'miR-510'] |
Do Conserved noncoding elements act as enhancers? | ['The aCNEs are rich in tissue-specific enhancers', 'Transgenic zebrafish assay of some human CNE enhancers that have been lost in teleosts', 'Conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in vertebrate genomes often act as developmental enhancers,', 'In all four cases where the zebra fish and human CNE display a similar express... | ['An important percentage of noncoding elements conserved across distant species shows enhancer activity and other forms of regulatory functionality.'] | ['yes'] |
For what is Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus used in biochemistry? | ['Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) binds Fcγ and VH3 clan Fab domains of human and animal immunoglobulin (Ig) with each of its five Ig binding domains (IgBDs),', 'Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus plays one key role as an immobilized affinity ligand for the purification of antibodies. ', 'The recombinant SpA is also w... | ['Protein A from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) is used as an affinity ligand for purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG).'] | [] |
What is evaluated using the EORTC QLQ – INFO25 questionnaire? | ['The EORTC QLQ-INFO25 was used to evaluate the perceived level of and satisfaction with information. ', 'METHODS: The EORTC information questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-INFO25, was administered during the treatment process.', 'The EORTC information questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-INFO25. Validation study for Spanish patients.', 'INT... | ['The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group information questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-INFO 25) evaluates the level of information patients have received in different areas of their disease, treatment and care, and evaluates qualitative aspects together with satisfaction with inform... | [] |
What is an approximate number of CTCF binding sites in the human genome? | ['To study CTCF multivalency in\xa0vivo, we define ZF binding requirements at ∼50,000 genomic sites in primary lymphocytes. ', 'However, only ~3,700 out of the ~5,700 CTCFL- and ~31,000 CTCF-binding sites overlap.'] | ['The number of CTCF binding sites in the human genome lies between 31,000 and 50,000.'] | ['30,000-50,000'] |
Which miRNA is targeted by SRY/Sox9? | ['Does the linear Sry transcript function as a ceRNA for miR-138?', 'Recently, the sex determining region Y ( Sry) and the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 ( CDR1as) RNA transcripts have been described to function as a new class of post-transcriptional regulatory RNAs that behave as circular endogenous RNA spo... | ['The testis-specific circRNA, sex-determining region Y (Sry), serves as a miR-138 sponge, suggesting that miRNA sponge effects achieved by circRNA formation are a general phenomenon', 'Does the linear Sry transcript function as a ceRNA for miR-138?. Recently, the sex determining region Y ( Sry) and the cerebellar dege... | ['mir-138'] |
What kind of analyses are performed with the software tool "unipept" | ['Unipept is an open source web application that is designed for metaproteomics analysis with a focus on interactive datavisualization. ', 'The Unique Peptide Finder (http://unipept.ugent.be/peptidefinder) is an interactive web application to quickly hunt for tryptic peptides that are unique to a particular species, ge... | ['The Unipept web application (http://unipept.ugent.be) supports biodiversity analysis of large and complex metaproteome samples using tryptic peptide information obtained from shotgun MS/MS experiments. The application designed for metaproteomics analysis with a focus on interactive datavisualization.'] | [] |
Is vemurafenib used for thyroid cancer? | ['Vemurafenib in patients with BRAF(V600E)-positive metastatic or unresectable papillary thyroid cancer refractory to radioactive iodine: a non-randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial.', 'Vemurafenib, an oncogenic BRAF kinase inhibitor approved for BRAF-positive melanoma, showed clinical benefit in three pat... | ['Yes. Vemurafenib, a selective BRAF inhibitor, appears to have promising clinical activity in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the role of per genes in circadian rhythm control? | ['Temporal expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 and Gadd45alpha is deregulated in mPer2 mutant mice.', 'The Period (Per) genes are key circadian rhythm regulators in mammals. Expression of the mouse Per (mPer) genes have diurnal pattern i... | ['PER1 and PER2 genes are involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, controlling expression of genes such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 and Gadd45alpha.'] | [] |
What are prions? | ['Prion diseases are protein conformation disorders and neither caused by viroid or virus but is a transmissible particle labeled a prion by Pruisner. Normal prion protein becomes infectious by a different folding, but the triggers are not known. ', 'Prions are proteins most commonly associated with fatal neurodegenera... | ['Prion diseases are protein conformation disorders and neither caused by viroid or virus but is a transmissible particle labeled a prion by Pruisner. Normal prion protein becomes infectious by a different folding, but the triggers are not known. ', 'A prion is an infectious agent composed entirely of protein and is re... | [] |
How can transcranial sonography assist in the placement of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus for patients with Parkinson's disease? | ['["After measuring thermal effects of TCS and imaging artefact sizes of DBS lead using a skull phantom, we prospectively enrolled 34 patients with DBS of globus pallidus internus, ventro-intermediate thalamic or subthalamic nucleus. TCS had no influence on lead temperature, electrical parameters of DBS device or clini... | Transcranial sonography can assist in the placement of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus for patients with Parkinson's disease by providing intraoperative visualization and TCS-assisted insertion of deep-brain stimulation electrodes. It helps in detecting lead dislocation requiring reinsertion and allows for the ... | [] |
Is the number of described human nuclear mutations less than 50000? | ['The number of known mutations in human nuclear genes, underlying or associated with human inherited disease, has now exceeded 100,000 in more than 3700 different genes (Human Gene Mutation Database).', 'The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®) is a comprehensive collection of germline mutations in nuclear genes that ... | ['No, The number of known mutations in human nuclear genes, underlying or associated with human inherited disease, has now exceeded 100,000 in more than 3700 different genes (Human Gene Mutation Database).'] | ['no'] |
Which are the main functions of G3BP1 and G3BP2 proteins? | ['Both G3BP1 and G3BP2 contribute to stress granule formation', 'G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 are required for translation of interferon stimulated mRNAs and are targeted by a dengue virus non-coding RNA', 'We examined three conserved host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 in dengue virus (DENV-2) infect... | ['The main functions of G3BP1 and/or G3BP2 include translation of interferon stimulated mRNAs during dengue virus infection, initiation of assembly of stress granules, regulation of PMP22 mRNA which was found to affect cell proliferation in breast cancer cells, participation in several signaling pathways involved in gr... | ['Translation of interferon stimulated mRNAs during dengue virus infection', 'Initiation of assembly of stress granules', 'Regulation of PMP22 mRNA which was found to affect cell proliferation in breast cancer cells', 'Participation in several signaling pathways involved in growth, differentiation and apoptosis in huma... |
What was the aim of the COSS (Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study) clinical trial? | ['The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) was conducted to determine if superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass, when added to the best medical therapy, would reduce subsequent ipsilateral stroke in patients with complete internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and an elevated oxygen extr... | ['The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) was conducted to determine if superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass, when added to the best medical therapy, would reduce subsequent ipsilateral stroke in patients with complete internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and an elevated oxygen extr... | [] |
What is Desomorphine? | ['Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil', 'Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin', '"Krokodil" is the street name for the semi-synthetic opioid derivative desomorphine.', 'Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a che... | ['Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil', 'Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin', 'Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the m... | [] |
What is the relationship between serum miR-21 levels, clinicopathological factors, prognosis in ovarian cancer patients, and the role of miR-100? | ['["Finally, five promising differentially miRNAs (miR-200a, miR-100, miR-141, miR-200b, and miR-200c) were reported with the consistent direction in four or more studies. MiR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-141, all of them belong to miR-200 family, were reported with consistently up-regulated in at least 4 studies,... | The relationship between serum miR-21 levels, clinicopathological factors, and prognosis in ovarian cancer patients is that increased serum miR-21 expression is correlated with advanced FIGO stage, high tumor grade, and shortened overall survival. Serum miR-21 may serve as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker in ep... | [] |
What is saxagliptin's role in diabetes treatment trials compared to vildagliptin and sitagliptin? | [' up to October 1st, 2013.", "Saxagliptin.", "Vildagliptin.", "an extensive Medline, Embase and Cochrane Database search for \'vildagliptin\', \'sitagliptin\', \'saxagliptin\', \'alogliptin\', \'linagliptin\' and \'dutogliptin\' was performed up to 1 March 2013.", "An extensive Medline and Embase search for \'vildagli... | null | [] |
Is the gene MAOA epigenetically modified by methylation? | ['Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men.', 'We found significant interindividual differences in methylation status and methylation patterns of the core MAOA promoter. ', 'In the present study, DNA methylation patterns in the MAO... | ['In recent years, the role of epigenetic phenomenon, such as methylation, in mediating vulnerability to behavioral illness has become increasingly appreciated. One prominent locus at which epigenetic phenomena are thought to be in play is the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) locus.\nWe conclude that methylation of MAOA may ... | ['yes'] |
Which drug should be used as an antidote in benzodiazepine overdose? | ['Benzodiazepine (BZD) overdose (OD) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the UK. Flumazenil is an effective antidote but there is a risk of seizures, particularly in those who have co-ingested tricyclic antidepressants.', 'Flumazenil was administered to 80 patients in 4504 BZD-related enquiries, 6... | ['Flumazenil should be used in all patients presenting with suspected benzodiazepine overdose. Flumazenil is a potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that competitively blocks the central effects of benzodiazepines and reverses behavioral, neurologic, and electrophysiologic effects of benzodiazepine overdose. Clini... | ['flumazenil'] |
What chromosome is affected in Turner's syndrome? | ["Turner's syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal defect with partial or total absence of the X chromosome. ", 'Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in affected women', 'Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monoso... | ["Turner's syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal defect with partial or total absence of the X chromosome", "Turner's syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal defect with partial or total absence of the X chromosome.", "Turner's syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal defect with partial or total absence of the X chromosome. ", "turner's syndro... | ['X'] |
Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in plant genomes? | ['Conservation and functional element discovery in 20 angiosperm plant genomes', 'The detailed view of conservation across angiosperms revealed not only high coding-sequence conservation but also a large set of previously uncharacterized intergenic conservation', 'Conserved noncoding sequences highlight shared componen... | ['The detailed view of conservation across angiosperms revealed not only high coding-sequence conservation but also a large set of previously uncharacterized intergenic conservation. Grass genes have dramatically fewer and much smaller CNSs than mammalian genes. Using an alignment-free information-retrieval approach, w... | ['yes'] |
Do lincRNAs play a role in human cancer? | ['Long non-coding RNA H19 increases bladder cancer metastasis', 'These data suggest that upregulated H19 enhances bladder cancer metastasis by associating with EZH2 and inhibiting E-cad expression', 'lncRNA H19 is essential for human tumor growth', 'Previous reports have demonstrated that HOTAIR associates with chromat... | ['Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome and are emerging as new players in tumorigenesis due to their various functions in transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. The best-studied examples include HOTAIR, a negative prognostic factor that exh... | ['yes'] |
Is there alternative polyadenylation during zebrafish development? | ['Extensive alternative polyadenylation during zebrafish development.', "At 2 h post-fertilization, thousands of unique poly(A) sites appear at locations lacking a typical polyadenylation signal, which suggests a wave of widespread cytoplasmic polyadenylation of mRNA degradation intermediates. Our insights into the ide... | ['Yes. There is extensive alternative polyadenylation during zebrafish development.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the mechanism of cementogenesis in pulp regeneration? | ['New vital tissues can be regenerated in permanent canine teeth after pulpectomy and enlargement of the apical foramen', 'The loss of dental pulp may weaken teeth, rendering them susceptible to reinfection, fracture, and subsequent tooth loss. Therefore, regeneration of pulp is considered an ideal treatment to preserv... | ["The dental follicle (DF) consists of progenitor cells that give rise to the cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Dental follicle cells attach to Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS), and pulp cells in the cementum promoting cementogenesis. The temporospatial regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pl... | [] |
Is the Wnt protein modified by notum? | ['Notum deacylates Wnt proteins to suppress signalling activity.', 'Kinetic and mass spectrometric analyses of human proteins show that Notum is a carboxylesterase that removes an essential palmitoleate moiety from Wnt proteins and thus constitutes the first known extracellular protein deacylase.', 'the Wnt inhibitor n... | ['Yes, \tNotum deacylates Wnt proteins to suppress signalling activity.'] | ['yes'] |
Does HuR bind to the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs? | ["HuR is also overexpressed during tumourigenesis and is abnormally present within the cytoplasm, where it binds to AU-rich elements in the 3'UTRs of target mRNA and post-transcriptionally regulates the expression of its target genes.", "Human antigen R (HuR) is a ubiquitous 32 kDa protein comprising three RNA Recognit... | ["Yes, the RNA-binding protein HuR binds at 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of target transcripts, thereby protecting them against degradation."] | ['yes'] |
Can beans induce apoptosis? | ['A 60-kDa glucosamine binding lectin, white kidney bean lectin (WKBL), was purified from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. white kidney beans, by application of anion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, and FPLC-size exclusion on Superdex 75. The anti-proliferative activity of WK... | ['White kidney bean lectin has been shown to exert anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on cancer cells'] | ['yes'] |
Are there clinical trials on stem cells in multiple sclerosis | ['Cells are generally given intravenously. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus have been successfully treated in human clinical trials', "Human multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials for Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host diseas... | ['Yes. Human multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. Several small pilot clinical trials in subjects with advanced MS have demonstrated that MSC administration is safe and provided an early signal of clinical effectiveness. The current aim... | ['yes'] |
Does melanoma occur in people of African origin ? | ['ALM is the most common type of melanoma amongst Asians, Africans,', 'ALM develops on palmar, plantar, and subungual skin, and its biology is different from that of other cutaneous melanomas, where sunlight is the major known environmental determinant', 'We present four albinos with histologic diagnoses of skin cancer... | ['Yes. Africans with dark skin have a reduced risk of getting all types of skin cancer as compared with Caucasians. The incidence of malignant melanoma in Johannesburg Black was 1,2 per 100 000 and accounted for 2% of all cancers. The largest number of cases occurred in the 50- 70-year age group and there was a female ... | ['yes'] |
What is the incidence of cystic fibrosis in the caucasian population? | ['Estimates of the newborn frequency of cystic fibrosis in different Caucasian groups range from 4 times more to 40 times less common than the generally accepted figure of 1:2000.', 'Current meconium screening trials which may be effective in populations with the incidence equal to or greater than 1:2000, may be useful... | ['Estimates of the newborn frequency of cystic fibrosis in different Caucasian groups range from 4 times more to 40 times less common than the generally accepted figure of 1:2000.', 'Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in the Caucasian population, affecting approximately 1 in 2,000-1/2,... | ['1:2000'] |
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