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Center-of-momentum frame | In physics, the center-of-momentum frame (COM frame), also known as zero-momentum frame, is the inertial frame in which the total momentum of the system vanishes. It is unique up to velocity, but not origin. The center of momentum of a system is not a location, but a collection of relative momenta/velocities: a referen... | 0.78985 | 0.982981 | 0.776407 |
Virial theorem | In statistical mechanics, the virial theorem provides a general equation that relates the average over time of the total kinetic energy of a stable system of discrete particles, bound by a conservative force (where the work done is independent of path) with that of the total potential energy of the system. Mathematical... | 0.779879 | 0.99553 | 0.776392 |
Ionization | Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an i... | 0.778287 | 0.99742 | 0.77628 |
Beer–Lambert law | The Beer–Bouguer–Lambert (BBL) extinction law is an empirical relationship describing the attenuation in intensity of a radiation beam passing through a macroscopically homogenous medium with which it interacts. Formally, it states that the intensity of radiation decays exponentially in the absorbance of the medium, a... | 0.777449 | 0.998489 | 0.776274 |
Work (physics) | In science, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. In its simplest form, for a constant force aligned with the direction of motion, the work equals the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. A force is said to do positive work if it has a... | 0.777127 | 0.998887 | 0.776262 |
Euclidean vector | In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction. Euclidean vectors can be added and scaled to form a vector space. A vector quantity is a vector-valued physical quan... | 0.778558 | 0.997041 | 0.776254 |
Uncertainty principle | The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately ... | 0.776574 | 0.999565 | 0.776236 |
Physical constant | A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory and therefore must be measured experimentally. It is distinct from a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measur... | 0.779164 | 0.996155 | 0.776169 |
Units of energy | Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units
An energy unit that is u... | 0.779732 | 0.995342 | 0.7761 |
Ultrarelativistic limit | In physics, a particle is called ultrarelativistic when its speed is very close to the speed of light . Notations commonly used are or or where is the Lorentz factor, and is the speed of light.
The energy of an ultrarelativistic particle is almost completely due to its kinetic energy . The total energy can also... | 0.796902 | 0.97384 | 0.776055 |
Pleonasm | Pleonasm (; , ) is redundancy in linguistic expression, such as in "black darkness," "burning fire," "the man he said," or "vibrating with motion." It is a manifestation of tautology by traditional rhetorical criteria. Pleonasm may also be used for emphasis, or because the phrase has become established in a certain for... | 0.779963 | 0.994977 | 0.776046 |
Rote learning | Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. The method rests on the premise that the recall of repeated material becomes faster the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, spaced repetition and active learning.
Versus critica... | 0.779889 | 0.995012 | 0.775998 |
Variable renewable energy | Variable renewable energy (VRE) or intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are renewable energy sources that are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power, as opposed to controllable renewable energy sources, such as dammed hydroelectricity or bioenergy, or relatively con... | 0.788147 | 0.984548 | 0.775969 |
Astrophysical jet | An astrophysical jet is an astronomical phenomenon where outflows of ionised matter are emitted as extended beams along the axis of rotation. When this greatly accelerated matter in the beam approaches the speed of light, astrophysical jets become relativistic jets as they show effects from special relativity.
The for... | 0.779187 | 0.995826 | 0.775934 |
Climate model | Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers are the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. Scientists use climate models to study the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future clim... | 0.785937 | 0.987128 | 0.77582 |
Theory of relativity | The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of grav... | 0.776053 | 0.999648 | 0.77578 |
Four-force | In the special theory of relativity, four-force is a four-vector that replaces the classical force.
In special relativity
The four-force is defined as the rate of change in the four-momentum of a particle with respect to the particle's proper time. Hence,:
For a particle of constant invariant mass , the four-momentu... | 0.800775 | 0.968757 | 0.775756 |
Angular velocity | In physics, angular velocity (symbol or , the lowercase Greek letter omega), also known as angular frequency vector, is a pseudovector representation of how the angular position or orientation of an object changes with time, i.e. how quickly an object rotates (spins or revolves) around an axis of rotation and how fast... | 0.777153 | 0.998118 | 0.775691 |
Physics | Physics is the scientific study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist.
Physics is one... | 0.775791 | 0.999779 | 0.77562 |
Physics of firearms | From the viewpoint of physics (dynamics, to be exact), a firearm, as for most weapons, is a system for delivering maximum destructive energy to the target with minimum delivery of energy on the shooter. The momentum delivered to the target, however, cannot be any more than that (due to recoil) on the shooter. This is d... | 0.792957 | 0.978088 | 0.775581 |
Hamilton–Jacobi equation | In physics, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, named after William Rowan Hamilton and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, is an alternative formulation of classical mechanics, equivalent to other formulations such as Newton's laws of motion, Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics.
The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is a formulatio... | 0.780095 | 0.994198 | 0.775569 |
Electric field | An electric field (sometimes called E-field) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles. Charged particles exert attractive forces on each other when their charges are opposite, and repulse each other when their charges are the same. Because these forces are exerted mutually, two charges must ... | 0.776403 | 0.998925 | 0.775568 |
Inelastic collision | An inelastic collision, in contrast to an elastic collision, is a collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved due to the action of internal friction.
In collisions of macroscopic bodies, some kinetic energy is turned into vibrational energy of the atoms, causing a heating effect, and the bodies are deformed.
T... | 0.782892 | 0.990645 | 0.775568 |
Einstein relation (kinetic theory) | In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, Albert Einstein in 1905, and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 in their works on Brownian motion. The more general form of the equation in the classical ... | 0.779504 | 0.994928 | 0.77555 |
Isotropy | In physics and geometry, isotropy is uniformity in all orientations. Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix or , hence anisotropy. Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction. Is... | 0.779746 | 0.994605 | 0.775539 |
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor | In relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress–energy tensor describes the flow of energy and momentum in spacetime. The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor contains the negative of the classical Maxwell str... | 0.785439 | 0.987386 | 0.775532 |
Energy flow (ecology) | Energy flow is the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem. All living organisms can be organized into producers and consumers, and those producers and consumers can further be organized into a food chain. Each of the levels within the food chain is a trophic level. In order to more efficiently show th... | 0.779002 | 0.995515 | 0.775509 |
Classical physics | Classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories. If a currently accepted theory is considered to be modern, and its introduction represented a major paradigm shift, then the previous theories, or new theories based on the older paradigm, will often... | 0.776942 | 0.998103 | 0.775468 |
Turbulence kinetic energy | In fluid dynamics, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow. Physically, the turbulence kinetic energy is characterized by measured root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations. In the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations, the turbulence kine... | 0.78397 | 0.989006 | 0.775351 |
Reversible process (thermodynamics) | In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed by infinitesimal changes in some properties of the surroundings, such as pressure or temperature.
Throughout an entire reversible process, the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, both phys... | 0.781206 | 0.992459 | 0.775315 |
Aeolipile | An aeolipile, aeolipyle, or eolipile, from the Greek "Αἰόλου πύλη," , also known as a Hero's (or Heron's) engine, is a simple, bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine. The Greek-Egyptian mathematician and engineer Hero o... | 0.777841 | 0.99674 | 0.775306 |
Cauchy momentum equation | The Cauchy momentum equation is a vector partial differential equation put forth by Cauchy that describes the non-relativistic momentum transport in any continuum.
Main equation
In convective (or Lagrangian) form the Cauchy momentum equation is written as:
where
is the flow velocity vector field, which depends on ... | 0.784495 | 0.988242 | 0.775271 |
Synergetics (Fuller) | Synergetics is the empirical study of systems in transformation, with an emphasis on whole system behaviors unpredicted by the behavior of any components in isolation. R. Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) named and pioneered the field. His two-volume work Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, in collabora... | 0.789676 | 0.981747 | 0.775262 |
Euler's three-body problem | In physics and astronomy, Euler's three-body problem is to solve for the motion of a particle that is acted upon by the gravitational field of two other point masses that are fixed in space. This problem is exactly solvable, and yields an approximate solution for particles moving in the gravitational fields of prolate ... | 0.783578 | 0.98935 | 0.775233 |
Displacement (geometry) | In geometry and mechanics, a displacement is a vector whose length is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point P undergoing motion. It quantifies both the distance and direction of the net or total motion along a straight line from the initial position to the final position of the point t... | 0.779635 | 0.994334 | 0.775217 |
Rotation | Rotation or rotational motion is the circular movement of an object around a central line, known as an axis of rotation. A plane figure can rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise sense around a perpendicular axis intersecting anywhere inside or outside the figure at a center of rotation. A solid figure has an... | 0.77939 | 0.994598 | 0.775179 |
Electromechanics | Electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of ... | 0.781406 | 0.991996 | 0.775152 |
Energy conversion efficiency | Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light (radiation), or heat. The resulting value, η (eta), ranges between 0 and 1.
Overview
E... | 0.783906 | 0.988623 | 0.774987 |
Acoustic wave | Acoustic waves are a type of energy propagation that travels through a medium, such as air, water, or solid objects, by means of adiabatic compression and expansion. Key quantities describing these waves include acoustic pressure, particle velocity, particle displacement, and acoustic intensity. The speed of acoustic w... | 0.781252 | 0.991901 | 0.774924 |
Stasis (fiction) | A stasis or stasis field, in science fiction, is a confined area of space in which time has been stopped or the contents have been rendered motionless.
Overview
A stasis field is imagined to be a region in which a stasis process is in effect. Stasis fields in fictional settings often have several common characteristi... | 0.781006 | 0.992165 | 0.774887 |
Atmospheric thermodynamics | Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the form... | 0.806736 | 0.960468 | 0.774844 |
Dirac delta function | In mathematical analysis, the Dirac delta function (or distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one. Thus it can be represented heuristically as
such that
Since... | 0.775261 | 0.999444 | 0.77483 |
Ionizing radiation | Ionizing radiation (US, ionising radiation in the UK), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. Some particles can travel up to 99% of the speed of light, and the electromagnetic waves... | 0.775827 | 0.998708 | 0.774824 |
Evapotranspiration | Evapotranspiration (ET) refers to the combined processes which move water from the Earth's surface (open water and ice surfaces, bare soil and vegetation) into the atmosphere. It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies, and water bodies) and transpiration (evaporation th... | 0.779499 | 0.993944 | 0.774779 |
Newton's cradle | Newton's cradle is a device, usually made of metal, that demonstrates the principles of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy in physics with swinging spheres. When one sphere at the end is lifted and released, it strikes the stationary spheres, compressing them and thereby transmitting a pressure wave th... | 0.775609 | 0.998889 | 0.774747 |
Impulse (physics) | In classical mechanics, impulse (symbolized by or Imp) is the change in momentum of an object. If the initial momentum of an object is , and a subsequent momentum is , the object has received an impulse :
Momentum is a vector quantity, so impulse is also a vector quantity.
Newton’s second law of motion states that t... | 0.777192 | 0.996853 | 0.774746 |
Acclimatization | Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain fitness across a range of environmental conditions. Accli... | 0.779159 | 0.994293 | 0.774712 |
Dissipative system | A dissipative system is a thermodynamically open system which is operating out of, and often far from, thermodynamic equilibrium in an environment with which it exchanges energy and matter. A tornado may be thought of as a dissipative system. Dissipative systems stand in contrast to conservative systems.
A dissipative... | 0.787428 | 0.983777 | 0.774653 |
Relativistic mechanics | In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). It provides a non-quantum mechanical description of a system of particles, or of a fluid, in cases where the velocities of moving objects are comparable to the speed of light c. As a result, class... | 0.785385 | 0.986266 | 0.774599 |
Tesla (unit) | The tesla (symbol: T) is the unit of magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B-field strength) in the International System of Units (SI).
One tesla is equal to one weber per square metre. The unit was announced during the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 and is named in honour of Serbian-America... | 0.776144 | 0.997957 | 0.774559 |
Thermodynamic free energy | In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system (the others being internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc.). The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates wheth... | 0.777964 | 0.995448 | 0.774423 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential | The Liénard–Wiechert potentials describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge. Stemming directly from Maxwell's equations, these describe the complete, relativistically correct, time-varying electromagnetic field... | 0.784608 | 0.987011 | 0.774417 |
Special relativity | In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, the theory is presented as being based on just two postulates:
The laws of physics are invariant (i... | 0.775063 | 0.999158 | 0.774411 |
Electric potential | Electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop, the electrostatic potential) is defined as the amount of work/energy needed per unit of electric charge to move the charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field. More precisely, the electric potential is the energy p... | 0.775437 | 0.998616 | 0.774364 |
Motility | Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently using metabolic energy. This biological concept encompasses movement at various levels, from whole organisms to cells and subcellular components.
Motility is observed in animals, microorganisms, and even some plant structures, playing crucial roles in activ... | 0.778603 | 0.994522 | 0.774338 |
Cosmology | Cosmology is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos. The term cosmology was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's Glossographia, and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian Wolff in Cosmologia Generalis. Religious or mythological cosmology is... | 0.775476 | 0.998523 | 0.77433 |
Buoyancy | Buoyancy, or upthrust is a net upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus, the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the co... | 0.775411 | 0.998569 | 0.774302 |
Arrow of time | The arrow of time, also called time's arrow, is the concept positing the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of time. It was developed in 1927 by the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, and is an unsolved general physics question. This direction, according to Eddington, could be determined by studying the organizat... | 0.778381 | 0.994701 | 0.774257 |
Gravitational energy | Gravitational energy or gravitational potential energy is the potential energy a massive object has due to its position in a gravitational field. It is the mechanical work done by the gravitational force to bring the mass from a chosen reference point (often an "infinite distance" from the mass generating the field) to... | 0.777737 | 0.995498 | 0.774236 |
Lenz's law | Lenz's law states that the direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field. It is named after physicist Heinrich Lenz, who formulated it in 1834.
It is a qualitative law th... | 0.775752 | 0.998044 | 0.774234 |
Wave–particle duality | Wave-particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that quantum entities exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances. It expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects. During the 19th and early 20th... | 0.77544 | 0.998405 | 0.774203 |
Applied science | Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, such as engineering and medicine. Applied science is often contrasted with basic science, which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and ... | 0.777273 | 0.996006 | 0.774168 |
Thermodynamic process | Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes.
(1) A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a f... | 0.783147 | 0.988498 | 0.774139 |
Solid mechanics | Solid mechanics (also known as mechanics of solids or mechanics of materials) is the branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid materials, especially their motion and deformation under the action of forces, temperature changes, phase changes, and other external or internal agents.
Solid mechanics... | 0.782824 | 0.988855 | 0.774099 |
Compressibility factor | In thermodynamics, the compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behaviour. It is simply defined as the ratio of the molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. I... | 0.778158 | 0.994718 | 0.774047 |
Grashof number | In fluid mechanics (especially fluid thermodynamics), the Grashof number (, after Franz Grashof) is a dimensionless number which approximates the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous forces acting on a fluid. It frequently arises in the study of situations involving natural convection and is analogous to the Reynolds numbe... | 0.783524 | 0.987903 | 0.774045 |
Descriptive research | Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the "what" question (what are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?). The characteristics ... | 0.780645 | 0.991542 | 0.774042 |
Thomson scattering | Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism. It is the low-energy limit of Compton scattering: the particle's kinetic energy and photon frequency do not change as a result of the scattering. This limit is valid as long... | 0.78018 | 0.992031 | 0.773963 |
Chaos theory | Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics. It focuses on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. These were once thought to have completely random states of disorder and irregularities. Chaos theory st... | 0.774231 | 0.999624 | 0.77394 |
Electrohydrodynamics | Electrohydrodynamics (EHD), also known as electro-fluid-dynamics (EFD) or electrokinetics, is the study of the dynamics of electrically charged fluids. Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is a joint domain of electrodynamics and fluid dynamics mainly focused on the fluid motion induced by electric fields. EHD, in its simplest f... | 0.79072 | 0.978719 | 0.773893 |
Conservation of energy | The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. In the case of a closed system the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system. Energy can n... | 0.774721 | 0.998926 | 0.77389 |
Force field (chemistry) | In the context of chemistry, molecular physics, physical chemistry, and molecular modelling, a force field is a computational model that is used to describe the forces between atoms (or collections of atoms) within molecules or between molecules as well as in crystals. Force fields are a variety of interatomic potentia... | 0.782753 | 0.988667 | 0.773882 |
Space travel under constant acceleration | Space travel under constant acceleration is a hypothetical method of space travel that involves the use of a propulsion system that generates a constant acceleration rather than the short, impulsive thrusts produced by traditional chemical rockets. For the first half of the journey the propulsion system would constantl... | 0.78388 | 0.987181 | 0.773832 |
Couple (mechanics) | In physics, a couple is a system of forces with a resultant (a.k.a. net or sum) moment of force but no resultant force.
A more descriptive term is force couple or pure moment. Its effect is to impart angular momentum but no linear momentum. In rigid body dynamics, force couples are free vectors, meaning their effects ... | 0.782787 | 0.988498 | 0.773783 |
Energy cascade | In continuum mechanics, an energy cascade involves the transfer of energy from large scales of motion to the small scales (called a direct energy cascade) or a transfer of energy from the small scales to the large scales (called an inverse energy cascade). This transfer of energy between different scales requires that ... | 0.789256 | 0.980366 | 0.77376 |
Inverse problem | An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field. It is called a... | 0.780039 | 0.991925 | 0.77374 |
Divergence | In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that operates on a vector field, producing a scalar field giving the quantity of the vector field's source at each point. More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around a given p... | 0.774795 | 0.998638 | 0.77374 |
Faraday's law of induction | Faraday's law of induction (or simply Faraday's law) is a law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (emf). This phenomenon, known as electromagnetic induction, is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and ma... | 0.774592 | 0.99888 | 0.773725 |
Dialectics of Nature | Dialectics of Nature is an unfinished 1883 work by Friedrich Engels that applies Marxist ideas – particularly those of dialectical materialism – to nature.
History and contents
Engels wrote most of the manuscript between 1872 and 1882, which was a melange of German, French and English notations on the contemporary dev... | 0.789533 | 0.979927 | 0.773685 |
Darcy's law | Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium and through a Hele-Shaw cell. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth sciences. It is analogous to Ohm's law... | 0.776409 | 0.996472 | 0.77367 |
Thermodynamic equilibrium | Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics. It is an internal state of a single thermodynamic system, or a relation between several thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or impermeable walls. In thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net macroscopic flows of matter nor of e... | 0.776759 | 0.995984 | 0.773639 |
Symmetry in quantum mechanics | Symmetries in quantum mechanics describe features of spacetime and particles which are unchanged under some transformation, in the context of quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and with applications in the mathematical formulation of the standard model and condensed matter physi... | 0.787465 | 0.98242 | 0.773622 |
Quantization of the electromagnetic field | The quantization of the electromagnetic field is a procedure in physics turning Maxwell's classical electromagnetic waves into particles called photons. Photons are massless particles of definite energy, definite momentum, and definite spin.
To explain the photoelectric effect, Albert Einstein assumed heuristically in... | 0.783961 | 0.986761 | 0.773582 |
42 (number) | 42 (forty-two) is the natural number that follows 41 and precedes 43.
Mathematics
42 is a pronic number an abundant number, and a Catalan number.
Where the plane-vertex tiling 3.10.15 is constructible through elementary methods, the largest such tiling, 3.7.42, is not. This means that the 42-sided tetracontadigon is... | 0.774419 | 0.998727 | 0.773433 |
Ergodicity | In mathematics, ergodicity expresses the idea that a point of a moving system, either a dynamical system or a stochastic process, will eventually visit all parts of the space that the system moves in, in a uniform and random sense. This implies that the average behavior of the system can be deduced from the trajectory ... | 0.776381 | 0.996166 | 0.773404 |
Mu (letter) | Mu (; uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek , or μυ—both ) is the twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced bilabial nasal . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40. Mu was derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water, which had been simplified by the Phoenicians and name... | 0.774347 | 0.998758 | 0.773385 |
Scalar (physics) | Scalar quantities or simply scalars are physical quantities that can be described by a single pure number (a scalar, typically a real number), accompanied by a unit of measurement, as in "10cm" (ten centimeters).
Examples of scalar quantities are length, mass, charge, volume, and time.
Scalars may represent the magnit... | 0.777372 | 0.994871 | 0.773385 |
Thermal equilibrium | Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat. Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatia... | 0.778362 | 0.993414 | 0.773235 |
Radiant energy | In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. As energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time. The symbol Qe is often used through... | 0.777281 | 0.994691 | 0.773154 |
Partition function (statistical mechanics) | In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy... | 0.775409 | 0.997012 | 0.773092 |
Mathematical model | A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemis... | 0.775209 | 0.99726 | 0.773084 |
Causality (physics) | Causality is the relationship between causes and effects. While causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy and physics, it is operationalized so that causes of an event must be in the past light cone of the event and ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions. Similarly, a cause cannot ... | 0.777595 | 0.994195 | 0.773081 |
Mechanical engineering | Mechanical engineering is the study of physical machines that may involve force and movement. It is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science, to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the eng... | 0.7735 | 0.999458 | 0.773081 |
Systems thinking | Systems thinking is a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than by splitting it down into its parts. It has been used as a way of exploring and developing effective action in complex contexts, enabling systems change. Systems thinking draws on a... | 0.775061 | 0.997388 | 0.773037 |
Biomimetics | Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from (bios), life, and μίμησις (mīmēsis), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι (mīmeisthai), to imitate, from μῖμος (mimos), actor. A cl... | 0.776637 | 0.995135 | 0.772859 |
Thrust | Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that system.
The force applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular or normal to t... | 0.776767 | 0.994947 | 0.772842 |
Atmospheric escape | Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space. A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for atmospheric escape; these processes can be divided into thermal escape, non-thermal (or suprathermal) escape, and impact erosion. The relative importance of each loss process depends on ... | 0.781957 | 0.988323 | 0.772826 |
Astrophysics | Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in spac... | 0.774355 | 0.998016 | 0.772819 |
Relativistic Lagrangian mechanics | In theoretical physics, relativistic Lagrangian mechanics is Lagrangian mechanics applied in the context of special relativity and general relativity.
Introduction
The relativistic Lagrangian can be derived in relativistic mechanics to be of the form:
Although, unlike non-relativistic mechanics, the relativistic L... | 0.784444 | 0.985144 | 0.77279 |
Verlet integration | Verlet integration is a numerical method used to integrate Newton's equations of motion. It is frequently used to calculate trajectories of particles in molecular dynamics simulations and computer graphics. The algorithm was first used in 1791 by Jean Baptiste Delambre and has been rediscovered many times since then, m... | 0.776248 | 0.995459 | 0.772723 |
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